![]() ![]() ![]() Détente always assumed stabilization of Cold War, but not the end ii. Much of espionage continued to take place during détente i. Soviet technical intelligence far inferior to human intelligence, far behind the West 1) They were good at bringing people into their ideological embrace k. ![]() Technological spying even helped superpowers edge toward peace essential to arms control process 1) Used to check on whether each side complying with terms of arms treaties v. Technology increasingly assumed the burden of spying satellites could intercept test data from missile launches film taken from space no longer had to be sent physically back to earth, could just beam the data iv. Many SU spies in US under deep cover living regular lives for 20 years in case of war, would provide access to information iii. Some served SU for money and some for ideology and some for sheer excitement of living secret life ii. ![]() But more traditional forms of espionage did not cease 1960 US successfully launched satellite with camera confirmed that SU had just 1 Soviet launch site Neither side had tried to shoot down these such satellites showed that both sides had accepted this transparency iii. U2 part of this pattern of technology for espionage then the Corona satellite espionage ii. US and UK better at signal espionage than at human espionage i. George Blake 1) SU spy in the UK that betrayed the Berlin tunnel operation 2) Witnessed the West's bombing of civilians in Korea felt a feeling of shame and that he was on the wrong side and should do something about it 3) Five years later, Blake was betrayed and sentenced to 42 years in prison 4) He didn't want to know that many people he betrayed by giving them up as spies to the SU were executed g. Berlin tunnel tapped SU communication lines between East Germany and SU to provide info v. Korean War's intelligence failures taught the intelligence community they needed greater commitment to developing intelligence technology iv. Most early spy infiltrations failed because betrayed by the SU spies working in the West, like Kim Philby 1) Gave coordinates and details of espionage operations iii. Lack of understanding of how SU system functioned ii. During 1950s, US and UK having caught on to this episonage, try to reverse the asymmetry by planting their own spies in the SU, though mostly unsuccessful in the beginning i. Not clear what effect this spying had whether reassuring or alarming 1) Stalin was alarmed by reports that Marshall Plan was not a sincere effort to reunifying Europe and SU, but was strategic plan to hurt the SU 2) May have provided reassurance to Stalin due to small number of A-bombs in American arsenal in the 1940sį. These spy rings collapsed in 1945 when Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers were fed up with how SU were doing things, so they got in contact with FBI and reported on existence of these top level spy rings named names of collaborators 1) US able to verify these claims through code breaking known as the VENONA Project 2) Leads to the conviction of Alger Hiss in 1950 3) But it's this highly public conviction of this high level official that contributes to the 2nd Red Scare of the 1950s a) Led by Senator Joseph McCarthy b) In some ways right, but in others was wildly exaggerating i) There were several hundred Americans regularly working for and reporting to the SU, but none were the ones McCarthy named iv. These spies are spying largely for ideological reasons 1) In 1930s, looks like SU worked out market solutions that US and UK did not (Great Depression) 2) 1940s, SU also shouldering most of the military burden and loss in WWII 3) Not working for money iii. Asymmetrical in benefits and success SU took advantage of openness of British and American society SU was closed society during 30s and 40s ii. ![]()
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